Cystem - The foundations of a new programming language

!Evolution
When I started this project I had been using and enjoying the D programming language. In my opinion D fixed most of what was wrong with C and C++. Unfortunately, while D claimed to have the goal of being a new systems language, all it's base libraries are built upon a garbage collector which makes it unusable by me when writing real-time systems. Also, while D can access libraries using the C ABI, it doesn't provide facilities for accessing D libraries from C is a way that uses the features D does better than C.

Nevertheless, I started out to modify D to make it more compatible with actually replacing C. I made some progress, and then encountered D's implementation of operator overloading. Never satisfied with what's there, I noticed that while D allowed unicode identifiers, it didn't really allow unicode operators.

Operator overloading, it C++ and other languages, is an interesting feature because it allows us to create expressions that are in a sense, a domain specific language. However the languages you can create are very limited because the number of operators you can overload are very limited. From this, I had the idea of moving away from a list of operators you could override and instead have a full alphabet that allowed composing whatever operators you needed.

After playing around with this idea, I noticed that if the grammar was defined in the right way, unlimited varieties of infix operators could be used. At this point I switched from trying to migrate D to a good replacement of C and began to design a completely new programming grammar.
!Implementation
The core "new" idea in Cystems grammar is that operator functions are identified by a sequence of any of the characters in the operator alphabet. Because the operator alphabet is orthogonal to the identifier alphabet, we are able to lex them easily. A 3rd alphabet for creating programming structure, orthogonal to the other two, is also defined.

A code block is a series of statements that will be executed. 

Statements within a codeblock are delimited by commas or newlines.
<code cys:nogutter:nocontrols>
{{
  statement1,statement2,statement3
  statement4
  statement5
}}
</code>
!!Bracketed sub-blocks
When a statement contains a bracketed sub-block, any amount of whitespace and newlines can surround the opening and closing brackets. 
<code cys:nogutter:nocontrols>
{{
  statement1, statement2
  if (expression) 

       { _ weird opening bracket location


  statement4, statement5 }
  statement6
  statement7

  _ A labeled sub-block
  symbol: {  
    statement8
    statement9
  } 

  _ An anonymous sub-block
  {
    statement10
    statement11
  }
}}
</code>
!!Indented sub-blocks
If a bracketed sub-block is expected, you can use indenting to indicate the block by not using brackets
<code cys:nogutter:nocontrols>
{{
  if (expression)
    statement1, statement2
    statement3
  
  statement4 _ not part of the "if" sub-block
}}
</code>
!!Line continuations
Finally, if you have an expression that you want to continue on another line, you can escape the newline by placing an underscore before it.
<code cys:nogutter:nocontrols>
{{
  a = b + c*(d + _
      e) + h
  a = b + _ Line comments need a terminating underscore _
      c
}}
</code>
(Note: the wiki syntax highlighter is not working correctly for the code above.)

Here are the core symbols of the grammar. Their definitions may not make much sense on their own, but we need to start somewhere. Later we describe how we create a grammar with them.

!Core elements
;Identifier Symbols (Identifiers)
:Names that refer to the elements we are programming to. Typed variables are the most familiar of these.
;Operator Symbols (Operators)
:Symbols that refer to expression functions. "+" is one example. 
;Structural Symbols (Structurals)
:Symbols used to impart structure to our programs.
Here's a detailed description of each: Ultimately we will use the entire unicode symbol set but we start with ASCII without limiting ourselves.
!Identifiers
Identifiers are symbols that match the following regular expression:
{{{
([a-zA-Z] | [a-zA-Z_][0-9A-Za-z_]+)
}}}
Examples:
<code cys:nogutter:nocontrols>
my_long_identifier
__ 
_9009
p
</code>
Of note is that a single underscore {{{_}}} is an invalid identifier because we use the underscore as a structural character.

!Operators
Operators are symbols that match the following regular expression:
{{{
([`~!@#$%^&*<>'?+|-/=\\]+)
}}}
Examples:
<code cys:nogutter:nocontrols>
*
|-|
~!@#$%
+/-
</code>
Again, we are restricting ourselves to ASCII but to switch to unicode we simply choose a set of symbols orthogonal to the other two (identifiers and structurals).
One thing to note is that because operators are allowed to be any number of operator characters, two operators in sequence need to be separated by a space. In C, {{{a+-b}}} is acceptable. in Cystem, you must insert a space if they are indeed two operators. {{{a + -b}}}
!Structurals
Structurals are the following symbols
{{{
( ) [ ] { } . , : 
<Newline> <Space>
}}}
Plus the following two symbols added for syntactic sugar:
{{{
 ; "
}}}

OverView

/***
| Name:|''dropTagging''|
| Created by:|SaqImtiaz|
| Location:|http://tw.lewcid.org/|
| Version:|0.1 (06-Apr-2006)|
| Requires:|~TW2.07|

!About
*provides a drop down list of tiddlers tagged with the specified tag, a replacement for the core tagging macro.

!Demonstration
*<<dropTagging Saq>>
''I recommend using either TaggerPlugin or monkeyTagger, with dropTags and dropTagging in the toolbar:''


!Usage
{{{<<dropTagging>>}}} for tiddlers tagged by current tiddler/tag
{{{<<dropTagging 'Saq'>>}}} for tiddlers tagged by the tag 'Saq' <<dropTagging 'Saq'>>
{{{<<dropTagging 'Saq' 'custom label'>>}}} for tiddlers tagged by the tag 'Saq' with a custom label. <<dropTagging 'Saq' 'custom label'>>

!Installation:
*Copy this tiddler to your TW with the systemConfig tag
* copy the following to your ViewTemplate:
#either {{{<div class='tagging' macro='dropTagging'></div>}}} to add next to or replace tagging macro, or
#{{{<div class='toolbar' >
<span style="padding-right:1.75em;" macro='dropTagging''></span>
<span macro='toolbar -closeTiddler closeOthers +editTiddler permalink references jump'></span>
</div>}}}(adjust padding to taste)

!To Do
*tweak popup css to optimize placement and colors.
*''optimize code to use core onClickTag function, can cut code size by half!''

!Code
***/
//{{{
config.macros.dropTagging={};
config.macros.dropTagging.dropdownchar = (document.all?"▼":"▾"); // the fat one is the only one that works in IE
config.macros.dropTagging.handler = function(place,macroName,params,wikifier,paramString,tiddler)
{
 var arrow=': '+ config.macros.dropTagging.dropdownchar;
 if(params[0] && store.tiddlerExists(params[0]))
 tiddler = store.getTiddler(params[0]);



 var droptagginglabel= (params[1] && params[1] !='.')? params[1]: 'tagging'+arrow;
 var droptaggingtooltip="tiddlers tagged with '"+tiddler.title+"'";
 
 if(params[0] && store.tiddlerExists(params[0]))
 tiddler = store.getTiddler(params[0]);
 var tagged = store.getTaggedTiddlers(tiddler.title);

 if(tagged.length==0)
 return false; 
 
 var droptagging = function(e)
 { if (!e) var e = window.event;
 var popup = Popup.create(this);
 


 for(var t=0; t<tagged.length; t++)
 createTiddlyLink(createTiddlyElement(popup,"li"),tagged[t].title,true);

 Popup.show(popup,false);
 e.cancelBubble = true;
 if (e.stopPropagation)
 e.stopPropagation();
 return(false);
 };
 
var createdropperButton = function(place){
var sp = createTiddlyElement(place,"span",null,"taggingdropbutton");
var theDropDownBtn = createTiddlyButton(sp,droptagginglabel,droptaggingtooltip,droptagging);
 };
createdropperButton(place);
};

setStylesheet(
 ".toolbar .taggingdropbutton {margin-right:0em; border:0px solid #eee; padding:0px; padding-right:0px; padding-left:0px; }\n"+
 ".taggingdropbutton a.button {padding:2px; padding-left:2px; padding-right:2px;}\n"+
// ".taggingdropbutton {font-size:150%;}\n"+
".popup .highlight{background: #fe8; color:#000;}\n"+
 "",
"DropTaggingStyles");

//}}}

/***
|''Name:''|''dropTags''|
|''Version:''|0.5 (12-May-2006)|
|''Created by:''|SaqImtiaz|
|''Location:''|http://tw.lewcid.org/#DropTagsMacro|
|''Description:''|provides a drop down list of tags in the current tiddler,<<br>> a replacement for the core tags macro.|
|''Documentation:''|DropTagsMacroDocumentation |
|''Source Code:''|[[DropTagsMacroSource|DropTagsMacroDocumentation]] |
|''Requires:''|~TW2.07|

***/
// /%
config.macros.dropTags={};config.macros.dropTags.dropdownchar=(document.all?"▼":"▾");config.macros.dropTags.handler=function(_1,_2,_3,_4,_5,_6){var _7=config.macros.dropTags.dropdownchar;var _8=(_3[0]&&_3[0]!=".")?_3[0]+_7:"tags"+_7;var _9="current tags for this tiddler";var _a=function(e){if(!e){var e=window.event;}var _d=Popup.create(this);var _e=config.views.wikified.tag;if(_6.tags.length==0){createTiddlyElement(_d,"li",null,"listTitle",_e.labelNoTags);}else{for(var t=0;t<_6.tags.length;t++){createTagButton(createTiddlyElement(_d,"li"),_6.tags[t],_6.title);}}if(version.extensions.IntelliTaggerPlugin){createTiddlyElement(createTiddlyElement(_d,"li"),"hr");abego.IntelliTagger.createEditTagsButton(_6,createTiddlyElement(_d,"li"),"[IntelliEdit]","Edit tags with Intellitagger");}Popup.show(_d,false);e.cancelBubble=true;if(e.stopPropagation){e.stopPropagation();}return (false);};createTiddlyButton(_1,_8,_8,_a,"button","dropTagBtn");};setStylesheet(".popup .highlight{background: #fe8; color:#000;}\n"+"#nestedtagger {background:#2E5ADF; border: 1px solid #0331BF;}\n"+"","DropTagsStyles");if(!config.macros.tagger){window.onClickTag=function(e){if(!e){var e=window.event;}var _12=resolveTarget(e);var _13=(!isNested(_12));if((Popup.stack.length>1)&&(_13==true)){Popup.removeFrom(1);}else{if(Popup.stack.length>0&&_13==false){Popup.removeFrom(0);}}var _14=(_13==false)?"popup":"nestedtagger";var _15=createTiddlyElement(document.body,"ol",_14,"popup",null);Popup.stack.push({root:this,popup:_15});var tag=this.getAttribute("tag");var _17=this.getAttribute("tiddler");if(_15&&tag){var _18=store.getTaggedTiddlers(tag);var _19=[];var li,r;for(r=0;r<_18.length;r++){if(_18[r].title!=_17){_19.push(_18[r].title);}}var _1b=config.views.wikified.tag;if(_19.length>0){var _1c=createTiddlyButton(createTiddlyElement(_15,"li"),_1b.openAllText.format([tag]),_1b.openAllTooltip,onClickTagOpenAll);_1c.setAttribute("tag",tag);createTiddlyElement(createTiddlyElement(_15,"li"),"hr");for(r=0;r<_19.length;r++){createTiddlyLink(createTiddlyElement(_15,"li"),_19[r],true);}}else{createTiddlyText(createTiddlyElement(_15,"li",null,"disabled"),_1b.popupNone.format([tag]));}createTiddlyElement(createTiddlyElement(_15,"li"),"hr");var h=createTiddlyLink(createTiddlyElement(_15,"li"),tag,false);createTiddlyText(h,_1b.openTag.format([tag]));}Popup.show(_15,false);e.cancelBubble=true;if(e.stopPropagation){e.stopPropagation();}return (false);};}if(!window.isNested){window.isNested=function(e){while(e!=null){var _1f=document.getElementById("contentWrapper");if(_1f==e){return true;}e=e.parentNode;}return false;};};config.shadowTiddlers.DropTagsMacroDocumentation="The documentation is available [[here.|http://tw.lewcid.org/#DropTagsMacroDocumentation]]";config.shadowTiddlers.DropTagsMacroSource="The documentation is available [[here.|http://tw.lewcid.org/#DropTagsMacroDocumentation]]";
// %/

<!--{{{-->
<div class='toolbar' macro='toolbar [[ToolbarCommands::EditToolbar]]'></div>
<div class='title' macro='view title'></div>
<div class='subtitle'><span macro='view modifier link'></span>, <span macro='view modified date'></span> (<span macro='message views.wikified.createdPrompt'></span> <span macro='view created date'></span>)</div>
<div class='editor' macro='edit title'></div>
<div macro='annotations'></div>
<div class='editor' macro='edit text'></div>
<div class='editor' macro='edit tags'></div><div class='editorFooter'><span macro='message views.editor.tagPrompt'></span><span macro='tagChooser'></span></div>
<!--}}}-->

The following is a small snippet of code in C 

<code cpp:nocontrols:nogutter>
void swap(int* x, int* y)
{
  int tmp;
  tmp = *x;
  *x = *y;
  *y = tmp;
}
int main(){
  int a = 0;
  int b = 1;
  
  swap(&a,&b);
  printf("a: %d, b: %d \n",a,b);
}
</code>
and the corresponding Cystem code

<code cys:nocontrols:nogutter>
swap(x:.int,y:.int):void
{
  tmp: int
  tmp = x.
  x. = y.
  y. = tmp
}
{{
  a: int(0)
  b: int(1)
  
  swap(.a,.b)
  printf("a: %d, b: %d \n",a,b)
}}
</code>

[[for the impatient we have some examples]]
[[Example 1]]
[[Systems C vs Cystem]]

An expression is any combination of function calls, operators and sub-expressions. For an expression to be valid, operators and functions whose parameters match the types in the expression must be defined. 

In expressions, parenthesis {{{(}}} and {{{)}}} are used to establish a sub expression.

The following is a possible expression:
<code cys:nogutter:nocontrols>
|a| * b + c*c*d^(a+b)!
</code>
With the power of having arbitrary operators, comes a couple rules:
#Two adjacent operators must be separated by a space.
#Prefix and postfix operators cannot have a space between them and their operand

On final characteristic of expressions in Cystem is that two operands adjacent to each other will be matched to a <space> operator if one is available. So the following could be a valid expression
<code cys:nogutter:nocontrols>
a 2 c
</code>
!!Compiler Warnings
Since we have a whole alphabet of operators now, we get warnings from the compiler that are similar to identifier warnings. //Operator *&* is not defined for (int,double)// could be an example.

Now that operators are a part of our language, we need to be more concious of the ways we call functions. First, here's some terminology:

;operand
:An identifier or sub-expression
;Identifier prefix functions (identifier functions)
:Like C, an identifier followed by a parameter list: {{{myfunction(arg1,arg2)}}}
;prefix function
:Also like C, an operator followed by a single identifier or expression
:{{{ -a }}} or {{{ -(a+myfunc()) }}}
;postfix function
:Also like C, a single identifier or expression followed by an operator
:{{{ a++ }}} or {{{ (a+myfunc())++ }}}
;infix function
:Again, like C, an operator with an operand on either side.
:{{{a + b}}} or {{{ (a*b)+cat(x) }}}
;outfix function
:Not used in C, this is two symbols bracketing an operand. For instance, if for a certain type we define {{{`}}} and {{{'}}} as a bracket pair, then we can have the following expression:
:{{{a = `b'}}}
:The characters can be the same if desired....

Each operator has a precedence that establishes what order operators on the same level are evaluated. Additionally operators are defined to be evaluated from the left, or from the right.

So given operator {{{+}}} with precedence {{{[priority: 500, arity: right]}}} and operator {{{*}}} with precedence {{{[priority: 1000,arity: left]}}} we expect the following expression to be evaluated as such:
{{{
a + b + c*d*e
}}}
In the following order, replacing evaluated sub expressions with captial letters
{{{
a + b + A*e   <=(c*d)
a + b + B     <=(A*e)
a + C         <=(b+B)
D             <=(a+C)
}}}

|Nome|Fórmula molecular|Fórmula de estrutura condensada|h
|Met''ano''|$CH_4$|$CH_4$|
|Et''ano''|$C_2H_6$|$CH_3-CH_3$|
|Prop''ano''|$C_3H_8$|$CH_3-CH_2-CH_3$|
|But''ano''|$C_4H_{10}$|$CH_3-CH_2-CH_2 CH_3$|
|Pent''ano''|$C_5H_{12}$|$CH_3-CH_2-CH_2-CH_2-CH_3$|
|...|...|$\ldots$|

$$f(x) = \left\{\begin{array}{l l}
x^2 \sin \frac1x, & \textrm{if } x \ne 0, \\
0, & \textrm{if } x = 0 .
\end{array}\right.$$
$$\begin{eqnarray} x & = & \frac{-7 \pm \sqrt{49 - 24}}{6} \\
& = & -2 \textrm{ or } -\frac13. \end{eqnarray}$$

OverView
#[[Quick Intro|User defined operators in Cystem]]
#[[Background]]
#[[Core Lexing]]
#[[Source Files]]
#[[Function Calls]]
#[[Expressions]]
#[[Code Blocks]]
#[[Meta-types]]
#[[Examples]]

/***
|''Name:''|MathSVGPlugin|
|''Description:''|This plugin translates a subset of the LaTeX math notation to MathML with a customisable  image fallback when MathML is not supported. It also provides an easy way to produce mathematical SVG graphics with dynamical features and animation.|
|''Version:''|1.1|
|''Date:''|2009-05-05|
|''Source:''|http://www.math.ist.utl.pt/~psoares/mathsvg.html|
|''Author:''|Paulo Soares|
|''License:''|[[GNU Lesser General Public License|http://www.gnu.org/licences/lgpl.html]]|
|''~CoreVersion:''|2.5.0|
!Original copyright notice
{{{
ASCIIMathML.js
==============
Version 2.1 Oct 8, 2008, (c) Peter Jipsen http://www.chapman.edu/~jipsen
This version extends ASCIIMathML.js with LaTeXMathML.js and ASCIIsvg.js.
Latest version at http://www.chapman.edu/~jipsen/mathml/ASCIIMathML.js
If you use it on a webpage, please send the URL to jipsen@chapman.edu

The LaTeXMathML modifications were made by Douglas Woodall, June 2006.
(for details see header on the LaTeXMathML part in middle of file)
Extensive clean-up and improvements by Paulo Soares, Oct 2007.

This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or (at
your option) any later version.

This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT 
ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS 
FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU Lesser General Public License 
(at http://www.gnu.org/licences/lgpl.html) for more details.
}}}
!~MathSVG code (minified)
***/
//{{{
Math.sec=function(a){return 1/Math.cos(a)};Math.csc=function(a){return 1/Math.sin(a)};Math.cot=function(a){return 1/Math.tan(a)};Math.asec=function(a){return Math.acos(1/a)};Math.acsc=function(a){return Math.asin(1/a)};Math.acot=function(a){return Math.atan(1/a)};Math.sinh=function(a){return(Math.exp(a)-Math.exp(-a))/2};Math.cosh=function(a){return(Math.exp(a)+Math.exp(-a))/2};Math.tanh=function(a){return(Math.exp(a)-Math.exp(-a))/(Math.exp(a)+Math.exp(-a))};Math.sech=function(a){return 1/Math.cosh(a)};Math.csch=function(a){return 1/Math.sinh(a)};Math.coth=function(a){return 1/Math.tanh(a)};Math.asinh=function(a){return Math.log(a+Math.sqrt(a*a+1))};Math.acosh=function(a){return Math.log(a+Math.sqrt(a*a-1))};Math.atanh=function(a){return Math.log((1+a)/(1-a))/2};Math.sech=function(a){return 1/Math.cosh(a)};Math.csch=function(a){return 1/Math.sinh(a)};Math.coth=function(a){return 1/Math.tanh(a)};Math.asech=function(a){return Math.acosh(1/a)};Math.acsch=function(a){return 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evt=$.browser.mozilla?"DOMMouseScroll":"mousewheel";qnode.addEventListener(evt,onWheel,false)}setSize();translateAndEval(SVG.id)})}}}(jQuery);
//}}}
/***
!~TiddlyWiki formatters
***/
//{{{
if(!version.extensions.MathSVGPlugin) { //# ensure that the plugin is only installed once
version.extensions.MathSVGPlugin = {installed: true};
MSVG.generic();

config.formatterHelpers.MathSVGHelper = function(w) {
  this.lookaheadRegExp.lastIndex = w.matchStart;
  var lookaheadMatch = this.lookaheadRegExp.exec(w.source);
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    var eq = MSVG.parseMath(lookaheadMatch[1],this.displaystyle);
    if(this.displaystyle){
      var node = createTiddlyElement(w.output,"div");
      node.style.textAlign='center';
      node.appendChild(eq);
      w.output.appendChild(node);
    } else {w.output.appendChild(eq);}
    w.nextMatch = lookaheadMatch.index + lookaheadMatch[0].length;
  }
}

config.formatters.push( {
  name: "clatex",
  match: "\\$\\$",
  lookaheadRegExp: /\$\$((?:.|\n)*?)\$\$/mg,
  displaystyle: true,
  handler: config.formatterHelpers.MathSVGHelper
})

config.formatters.push( {
  name: "clatex2",
  match: "\\\\\\\[",
  lookaheadRegExp: /\\\[\s*(.*?)\s*\\\]/mg,
  displaystyle: true,
  handler: config.formatterHelpers.MathSVGHelper
})

config.formatters.push( {
  name: "latex",
  match: "\\$",
  lookaheadRegExp: /\$((?:.|\n)*?)\$/mg,
  displaystyle: false,
  handler: config.formatterHelpers.MathSVGHelper
})

config.formatters.push( {
  name: "graph",
  match: "\\(:graph",
  lookaheadRegExp: /\(:graph(\((.*?),?\s?(\{.+\})?\))?[\s]+((?:.|\n)*?)[\s]+:\)/mg,
  handler: function(w){
  this.lookaheadRegExp.lastIndex = w.matchStart;
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    case "center":
      eq.style.marginLeft = "auto";
      eq.style.marginRight = "auto";
      break;
    case "left":
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      break;
    case "right":
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    }
    var svg = createTiddlyElement(eq,"embed");
    svg.className="svgGraph";
    svg.setAttribute('options',lookaheadMatch[3]||"");
    svg.setAttribute('script',lookaheadMatch[4]);
    ASVG.drawPictures(svg);
    w.nextMatch = lookaheadMatch.index + lookaheadMatch[0].length;
  }
  }
})
}
//}}}

/***
The script should not be edited. All available options can be set by the following variables:
***/
//{{{
//MSVG.showFormulaOnMouseOver = false; //show LaTeX code on mouse over the equation
//MSVG.latexImages = false; //set to true to force the use of an external converter
//MSVG.latexConverter = "http://www.yourequations.com/eq.latex?"; //link to external converter
//MSVG.mathColor = "green"; //font color
//MSVG.mathFontSize = ""; //font size
//MSVG.mathFontFamily = ""; //font family
//}}}
/***
New symbols or commands can be defined here:
***/
//{{{
 var commands = ["nle","R","diagup","varnothing","ind","DD"];
 var symbols = ["\u2270","\u211D","\u2571","\u2205","\u2AEB","\\frac{d}{dr}"];
 MSVG.define(commands,symbols);
//}}}

rm $\mathrm{ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ}$
rm $\mathrm{abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz}$

it $\mathit{ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ}$
it $\mathit{abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz}$

sf $\mathsf{ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ}$ @@fails@@
sf $\mathsf{abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz}$

tt $\mathtt{ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ}$ @@fails@@
tt $\mathtt{abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz}$

bf $\mathbf{ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ}$
bf $\mathbf{abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz}$

bb $\mathbb{ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ}$
bb $\mathbb{abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz}$

frak $\mathfrak{ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ}$
frak $\mathfrak{abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz}$

cal $\mathcal{ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ}$
cal $\mathcal{abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz}$

!Symbols
!Lists
The concept of a list is fundamental to the language. Functions and operators can be defined to accept either individual parameters or lists.

Lists are tuples. They have a finite number of elements and the elements are ordered.

List are enclosed in parenthesis and list items are delimited by commas.
<code cys:nogutter:nocontrols>
  (this, is, a, list)
</code>

List elements are allowed labels.
<code cys:nogutter:nocontrols>
  (name:"bubba",age: 24)
</code>
Access to list elements is by index or label or indirection
<code cys:nogutter:nocontrols>
  alist:(name:"bubba",age:24,sex:"Yes please")
  Name = alist[0]
  Age = alist[age:]
  Sex = alist.sex
</code>

Lists can be nested  and/or empty
<code cys:nogutter:nocontrols>
alist:(1,2,(3,4),())
</code>

One quirk of lists is that to differentiate them from expression precidence parenthesis we need a few rules:
# Parenthesis enclosing an expression and bracketed by commas creates a single element list.
# To create a 1 element list within an expression, add a null label.

<code cys:nogutter:nocontrols>
(a+b)+c   _ +(+(a,b),c)
(:a+b)+c  _ +((a+b),c)    first parameter is a 1 element list
</code>
!!Prototypes
If the first element of a list only contains labels, then it is removed and those labels are applied to all subsequent items
<code cys:nogutter:nocontrols>
alist:((x:,y:),(1,2),(2,3))
alist[0].x _ 1
alist[1].y _ 3
</code>

!!To be determined.
List operators: how to add elements to an existing list, and remove elements from an existing list.

$\diagup X\ind Y \tilde{A} \varnothing$

$A = \left(\begin{array}{c c c}
1-x & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 1-x & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 1-x \end{array}\right)$

$\sum a_i + \sum_{i=0}^{+\infty} b_i$

$f(x) = \left\{\begin{array}{l l}
x^2 \sin \frac1x & \textrm{if } x \ne 0, \\
0 & \textrm{if } x = 0 .
\end{array}\right.$

$\displaystyle{ \lim_{x\to\infty} f(x) = k \choose r + \frac ab \sum_{n=1}^{+\infty} a_n + \left\{ \frac{1}{13} \sum_{n=1}^{+\infty} b_n \right\} }$

<<option txtUserName>>
<<option chkSaveBackups>> [[SaveBackups]]
<<option chkAutoSave>> [[AutoSave]]
<<option chkRegExpSearch>> [[RegExpSearch]]
<<option chkCaseSensitiveSearch>> [[CaseSensitiveSearch]]
<<option chkAnimate>> [[EnableAnimations]]
----
Also see [[AdvancedOptions]]

This document describes a base grammar upon which to build a couple new programming languages. Planned are Cystem and Rope. Cystem is meant to be a systems programming language to replace C. Rope is an interpreted language meant to replace python & ruby. 

To have good understanding why this is not just another programming language, we need to build up a picture of the whole thing in layers. However, [[for the impatient we have some examples]].

This document does not discuss the "features" of the Cystem language, such as cool objects, message passing, etc. Rather we are describing a new type of grammar that gives a new level of power and functionality to the programmer. It is over the top of this powerful new approach that we can layer language features taylored to systems development, in the case of Cystem, or rapid applications development, in the case of Rope. As such, features specific to these languages will be discussed in another document.

Read the sections in the order numbered on the left.

If you want to dive strait into the things that are really interesting read about [[Function Calls]] and [[Meta-types]]

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<<closeAll>><<newTiddler>><<slider chkSliderOptionsPanel OptionsPanel "options »" "Change TiddlyWiki advanced options">>

The foundations of a new programming language

Cystem

http://www.cystem.info/index.html

Source files in Cystem are similar to those of other languages. 

One key difference from C type languages is that the syntax at the top level is different that that within the definitions. So the syntax of defining types and functions, which can only happen at the top level, is different than the syntax of actual code.

Each file contains:
;Comments
:Same concept as any other programming language. The delimiters are different than languages deriving from C
;Global Code
:Each module executes global code on startup and on exit./%TBD%/ {{{ Details TBD }}} Global code is bracketed by {{{ {{ }}} and {{{ }} }}} with an optional label.
;Type Definitions
:Types can only be defined at the top level. 
;Function Definitions
:Functions can only be defined at the top level and within type definitions. However, lambda functions can be defined within code blocks.
;Code Blocks
:Code that actually does stuff is contained inside function definitions or global code brackets. Information on how expressions and statements are delimited is located in the [[Code Blocks]] section.

!Multiple syntax's 
At the top level we have one syntax for defining types, functions, and module-global code. Within type definitions we have another syntax. Within function definitions, and the global code definitions, we have yet another syntax. 

Don't let this scare you, it just means that we don't need lot's of "struct, class, def" keywords cluttering up your code. The main concept is that we bracket global code with {{{ {{ }}} and {{{ }} }}}. If you can remember this, there are no differences to you the programmer in the 3 syntaxs. 
<code cys:nogutter:nocontrols>
_* this is a typedef at the top level *_
mytype: { 
  a: int 
  memberfunc():int {return a}
}
_* this is a function definition    *_
myfunction():int 
{
  myvar: { a:int }   _ this is a labeled code block, typedefs
                      _ are not allowed inside function definitions
}
_ this is global code... 
_ symbol declarations and function calls are allowed.
{{
  globalvar: 40
  b = myfunction()
}}
</code>
!Top Level Syntax
Syntax at the top level is delimited by curly brackets. Whitespace and newlines are ignored, brackets of all types {{{ ( ) , [ ] , { } }}} must be nested with a matching closing bracket.
<code cys:nogutter:nocontrols>
TypeDefinition: { _* Typedef details *_}
FunctionDefinition():type { _* Code blocks *_}
{{
_* Global Code *_
}}
</code>
!Comments
<code cys:nogutter:nocontrols>
_* A multi line comment 
 * Is started by <underscore><star>
 * and terminated by <star><underscore>
 * It is a nesting.
 *_

_ A single line comment is started 
_ with <underscore><space> and
_ runs until the end of the line
</code>
Additionally, a hash comment is allowed on the first line.
<code cys:nogutter:nocontrols>
#!/bin/cystem
_* A hash comment is allowed on the first line 
 *   in deference to unix shell scripts
 *_
</code>
!Type Definitions
<code cys:nogutter:nocontrols>
mytype:
{
  myidentifier1: some+initialization+expression()
  myidentifier2: some+other+initialization+expressio()

  _* type functions do not have an implied this pointer *_
  type_function.():retType {_*some code*_}

  _* instance functions do have an implied this pointer. *_
  instance_function():retType {_*some code*_}

  _* Operator functions don't have an implied this pointer.*_
  +(a:mytype,b:mytype):mytype {_*some Code*_}
}
_ type and member functions can be defined on the top level
mytype.another_type_function.():retType { _* some code *_}
mytype.instance_func_2():retType { _* some code *_ }
</code>
!Function Definitions
<code cys:nogutter:nocontrols>

</code>

[[StyleSheetSyntaxHighlighter]]
/*{{{*/
.twocolumns { display:block; -moz-column-count:2; -moz-column-gap:1em; -moz-column-
width:50%;}

.header {
 background: [[ColorPalette::PrimaryMid]]; 
 margin: 0em 0em 0  0;
 padding:0 12px;
}

.viewer{
  border: 1px solid [[ColorPalette::TertiaryMid]];
  padding: 1em
}

h1 {text-align:center; border-bottom:2px solid [[ColorPalette::TertiaryLight]];}
h2 {border-bottom:1px solid [[ColorPalette::TertiaryLight]];}
h3 {border:none}

#sidebar {position:absolute; display:block;right:3px; width:16em; font-size:.9em;}

.titleLine{
 margin: 0em 0em 0em 0em;
margin-left:1em;
margin-bottom: 0em;
 padding: 0;
 text-align: left;
 color:[[ColorPalette::Background]];
}
.titleLine a {border-bottom: 1px dotted #FF9900;}
.titleLine a:hover {border-bottom: 1px dotted #fff;}

.siteTitle {
	font-size: 3em;
        //font-weight: bold;
        color: [[ColorPalette::Background]];
}

.siteTitle a, .siteSubtitle a{
 color:[[ColorPalette::PrimaryLight]];
}

.siteSubtitle {
	font-size: 1.5em;
        //display: block;
        margin: .5em auto 1em 2em;
        color: [[ColorPalette::Background]];
}

.searchBar {float:right; font-size:1em;padding:1em 2em}
.searchBar .button {display:block; border:none; color:[[ColorPalette::Background]]; }
.searchBar .button:hover{border:none; color:#eee;}
.searchBar input{
 border: 1px inset #000; background:[[ColorPalette::PrimaryPale]]; width:10em; margin:0;
}
.searchBar input:focus {
 border: 1px inset #000; background:[[ColorPalette::Background]];
}
.searchBar a {
  border-bottom: 1px [[ColorPalette::Background]];
  color: [[ColorPalette::Background]];
}
.searchBar a:hover {
border-bottom: 1px [[ColorPalette::PrimaryPale]];
color: [[ColorPalette::PrimaryPale]];
}

*html .titleLine {margin-right:1.3em;}
*html .searchBar .button {margin-left:1.7em;}

.toolbar {text-align:right; font-size:.9em;}

#mainMenu {position:absolute; left:0; width:10em; text-align:right; line-height:1.6em; padding:.5em 0.5em 0.5em 0.5em; font-size:1.1em;}



#contentFooter {
 text-align: center;
 clear: both;
 color:[[ColorPalette::Background]];
 background:  [[ColorPalette::PrimaryMid]];
 padding: 1em 2em;
//font-weight:bold;
}

#menuHeader {
font-size: 0.5em; 
color:#eee; 
position:relative;
display: block;
background:#fff; 
//clear: both; 
text-align: left;

}
/*}}}*/

[[StyleSheetSyntaxHighlighter]]

/***
StyleSheet for ~SyntaxHighlighter
***/

/*{{{*/
.dp-highlighter
{
	font-family: "Consolas", "Courier New", Courier, mono, serif;
	font-size: 12px;
	background-color: #E7E5DC; 
	width: 99%;
	overflow: auto;
	margin: 18px 0 18px 0 !important;
	padding-top: 1px; /* adds a little border on top when controls are hidden */
}

/* clear styles */
.dp-highlighter ol,
.dp-highlighter ol li,
.dp-highlighter ol li span 
{
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	padding: 0;
	border: none;
}

.dp-highlighter a,
.dp-highlighter a:hover
{
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	border: none;
	padding: 0;
	margin: 0;
}

.dp-highlighter .bar
{
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}

.dp-highlighter.collapsed .bar,
.dp-highlighter.nogutter .bar
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}

.dp-highlighter ol
{
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}

.dp-highlighter.nogutter ol,
.dp-highlighter.nogutter ol li
{
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.dp-highlighter ol li,
.dp-highlighter .columns div
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	border-left: 3px solid #6CE26C;
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	line-height: 14px;
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{
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/* Adjust some properties when collapsed */

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/* Additional modifications when in print-view */

.dp-highlighter.printing
{
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}

.dp-highlighter.printing .tools
{
	display: none !important;
}

.dp-highlighter.printing li
{
	display: list-item !important;
}

/* Styles for the tools */

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{
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	font: 9px Verdana, Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;
	color: silver;
	background-color: #f8f8f8;
	padding-bottom: 10px;
	border-left: 3px solid #6CE26C;
}

.dp-highlighter.nogutter .tools
{
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}

.dp-highlighter.collapsed .tools
{
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}

.dp-highlighter .tools a
{
	font-size: 9px;
	color: #a0a0a0;
	background-color: inherit;
	text-decoration: none;
	margin-right: 10px;
}

.dp-highlighter .tools a:hover
{
	color: red;
	background-color: inherit;
	text-decoration: underline;
}

/* About dialog styles */

.dp-about { background-color: #fff; color: #333; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; }
.dp-about table { width: 100%; height: 100%; font-size: 11px; font-family: Tahoma, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif !important; }
.dp-about td { padding: 10px; vertical-align: top; }
.dp-about .copy { border-bottom: 1px solid #ACA899; height: 95%; }
.dp-about .title { color: red; background-color: inherit; font-weight: bold; }
.dp-about .para { margin: 0 0 4px 0; }
.dp-about .footer { background-color: #ECEADB; color: #333; border-top: 1px solid #fff; text-align: right; }
.dp-about .close { font-size: 11px; font-family: Tahoma, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif !important; background-color: #ECEADB; color: #333; width: 60px; height: 22px; }

/* Language specific styles */

.dp-highlighter .comment, .dp-highlighter .comments { color: #608060; background-color: inherit; }
.dp-highlighter .string { color: blue; background-color: inherit; }
.dp-highlighter .keyword { color: #069; font-weight: bold; background-color: inherit; }
.dp-highlighter .preprocessor { color: gray; background-color: inherit; }
.dp-highlighter .label {color: #909;background-color: inherit; }
.dp-highlighter .operatur {color: #666;background-color: inherit; }

/*}}}*/

/***
!Metadata:
|''Name:''|SyntaxHighlighterPlugin|
|''Description:''|Code Syntax Highlighter Plugin for TiddlyWiki.|
|''Version:''|1.1.3|
|''Date:''|Oct 24, 2008|
|''Source:''|http://www.coolcode.cn/show-310-1.html|
|''Author:''|Ma Bingyao (andot (at) ujn (dot) edu (dot) cn)|
|''License:''|[[GNU Lesser General Public License|http://www.gnu.org/licenses/lgpl.txt]]|
|''~CoreVersion:''|2.4.1|
|''Browser:''|Firefox 1.5+; InternetExplorer 6.0; Safari; Opera; Chrome; etc.|

!Syntax:
<code cys:nocontrols:nogutter>
<code options>
codes
</code>
</code>

!Examples:

<code java>
public class HelloWorld {
    public static void main(String args[]) {
        System.out.println("HelloWorld!");
    }
}
</code>


!Revision History:
|''Version''|''Date''|''Note''|
|1.1.2|Oct 15, 2008|Optimize Highlight|
|1.0.0|Oct 13, 2008|Initial release|

!Code section:
***/
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dp.sh.Highlighter();dp.sh.Brushes.Python.Aliases=["py","python"];dp.sh.Brushes.Ruby=function(){var $="alias and BEGIN begin break case class def define_method defined do each else elsif "+"END end ensure false for if in module new next nil not or raise redo rescue retry return "+"self super then throw true undef unless until when while yield",_="Array Bignum Binding Class Continuation Dir Exception FalseClass File::Stat File Fixnum Fload "+"Hash Integer IO MatchData Method Module NilClass Numeric Object Proc Range Regexp String Struct::TMS Symbol "+"ThreadGroup Thread Time TrueClass";this.regexList=[{regex:dp.sh.RegexLib.SingleLinePerlComments,css:"comment"},{regex:dp.sh.RegexLib.DoubleQuotedString,css:"string"},{regex:dp.sh.RegexLib.SingleQuotedString,css:"string"},{regex:new RegExp(":[a-z][A-Za-z0-9_]*","g"),css:"symbol"},{regex:new RegExp("(\\$|@@|@)\\w+","g"),css:"variable"},{regex:new RegExp(this.GetKeywords($),"gm"),css:"keyword"},{regex:new RegExp(this.GetKeywords(_),"gm"),css:"builtin"}];this.CssClass="dp-rb";this.Style=".dp-rb .symbol { color: #a70; }"+".dp-rb .variable { color: #a70; font-weight: bold; }"};dp.sh.Brushes.Ruby.prototype=new dp.sh.Highlighter();dp.sh.Brushes.Ruby.Aliases=["ruby","rails","ror"];dp.sh.Brushes.Sql=function(){var _="abs avg case cast coalesce convert count current_timestamp "+"current_user day isnull left lower month nullif replace right "+"session_user space substring sum system_user upper user year",$="absolute action add after alter as asc at authorization begin bigint "+"binary bit by cascade char character check checkpoint close collate "+"column commit committed connect connection constraint contains continue "+"create cube current current_date current_time cursor database date "+"deallocate dec decimal declare default delete desc distinct double drop "+"dynamic else end end-exec escape except exec execute false fetch first "+"float for force foreign forward free from full function global goto grant "+"group grouping having hour ignore index inner insensitive insert instead "+"int integer intersect into is isolation key last level load local max min "+"minute modify move name national nchar next no numeric of off on only "+"open option order out output partial password precision prepare primary "+"prior privileges procedure public read real references relative repeatable "+"restrict return returns revoke rollback rollup rows rule schema scroll "+"second section select sequence serializable set size smallint static "+"statistics table temp temporary then time timestamp to top transaction "+"translation trigger true truncate uncommitted union unique update values "+"varchar varying view when where with work",A="all and any between cross in join like not null or outer some";this.regexList=[{regex:new RegExp("--(.*)$","gm"),css:"comment"},{regex:dp.sh.RegexLib.DoubleQuotedString,css:"string"},{regex:dp.sh.RegexLib.SingleQuotedString,css:"string"},{regex:new 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Or OrElse "+"Overloads Overridable Overrides ParamArray Preserve Private Property "+"Protected Public RaiseEvent ReadOnly ReDim REM RemoveHandler Resume "+"Return Select Set Shadows Shared Short Single Static Step Stop String "+"Structure Sub SyncLock Then Throw To True Try TypeOf Unicode Until "+"Variant When While With WithEvents WriteOnly Xor";this.regexList=[{regex:new RegExp("'.*$","gm"),css:"comment"},{regex:dp.sh.RegexLib.DoubleQuotedString,css:"string"},{regex:new RegExp("^\\s*#.*","gm"),css:"preprocessor"},{regex:new RegExp(this.GetKeywords($),"gm"),css:"keyword"}];this.CssClass="dp-vb"};dp.sh.Brushes.Vb.prototype=new dp.sh.Highlighter();dp.sh.Brushes.Vb.Aliases=["vb","vb.net"];dp.sh.Brushes.Xml=function(){this.CssClass="dp-xml";this.Style=".dp-xml .cdata { color: #ff1493; }"+".dp-xml .tag, .dp-xml .tag-name { color: #069; font-weight: bold; }"+".dp-xml .attribute { color: red; }"+".dp-xml .attribute-value { color: blue; }"};dp.sh.Brushes.Xml.prototype=new dp.sh.Highlighter();dp.sh.Brushes.Xml.Aliases=["xml","xhtml","xslt","html","xhtml"];dp.sh.Brushes.Xml.prototype.ProcessRegexList=function(){function B(_,$){_[_.length]=$}var $=0,A=null,_=null;this.GetMatches(new RegExp("(&lt;|<)\\!\\[[\\w\\s]*?\\[(.|\\s)*?\\]\\](&gt;|>)","gm"),"cdata");this.GetMatches(new RegExp("(&lt;|<)!--\\s*.*?\\s*--(&gt;|>)","gm"),"comments");_=new RegExp("([:\\w-.]+)\\s*=\\s*(\".*?\"|'.*?'|\\w+)*|(\\w+)","gm");while((A=_.exec(this.code))!=null){if(A[1]==null)continue;B(this.matches,new dp.sh.Match(A[1],A.index,"attribute"));if(A[2]!=undefined)B(this.matches,new dp.sh.Match(A[2],A.index+A[0].indexOf(A[2]),"attribute-value"))}this.GetMatches(new RegExp("(&lt;|<)/*\\?*(?!\\!)|/*\\?*(&gt;|>)","gm"),"tag");_=new RegExp("(?:&lt;|<)/*\\?*\\s*([:\\w-.]+)","gm");while((A=_.exec(this.code))!=null)B(this.matches,new dp.sh.Match(A[1],A.index+A[0].indexOf(A[1]),"tag-name"))}
//}}}

!C vs Cystem
An exerpt of stereotypical systems C code: from the git SCM project, strbuf.c. This is a 1:1 translation, using the same idioms and variable names.
{{twocolumns{ 
<code cpp:nogutter:nocontrols>
/*
 * Used as the default ->buf value, so that people can always assume
 * buf is non NULL and ->buf is NUL terminated even for a freshly
 * initialized strbuf.
 */
char strbuf_slopbuf[1];

struct strbuf {
  size_t alloc;
  size_t len;
  char *buf;
};

void strbuf_init(struct strbuf *sb, size_t hint)
{
  sb->alloc = sb->len = 0;
  sb->buf = strbuf_slopbuf;
  if (hint)
    strbuf_grow(sb, hint);
}

void strbuf_release(struct strbuf *sb)
{
  if (sb->alloc) {
    free(sb->buf);
    strbuf_init(sb, 0);
  }
}

char *strbuf_detach(struct strbuf *sb, size_t *sz)
{
  char *res = sb->alloc ? sb->buf : NULL;
  if (sz)
    *sz = sb->len;
  strbuf_init(sb, 0);
  return res;
}

void strbuf_attach(struct strbuf *sb, void *buf, size_t len, size_t alloc)
{
  strbuf_release(sb);
  sb->buf   = buf;
  sb->len   = len;
  sb->alloc = alloc;
  strbuf_grow(sb, 0);
  sb->buf[sb->len] = '\0';
}

void strbuf_grow(struct strbuf *sb, size_t extra)
{
  if (sb->len + extra + 1 <= sb->len)
    die("you want to use way too much memory");
  if (!sb->alloc)
    sb->buf = NULL;
  ALLOC_GROW(sb->buf, sb->len + extra + 1, sb->alloc);
}

void strbuf_trim(struct strbuf *sb)
{
  char *b = sb->buf;
  while (sb->len > 0 && isspace((unsigned char)sb->buf[sb->len - 1]))
    sb->len--;
  while (sb->len > 0 && isspace(*b)) {
    b++;
    sb->len--;
  }
  memmove(sb->buf, b, sb->len);
  sb->buf[sb->len] = '\0';
}

</code>

<code cys:nogutter:nocontrols>

_*
 * Used as the default ->buf value, so that people can always assume
 * buf is non NULL and ->buf is NUL terminated even for a freshly
 * initialized strbuf.
 *_
{{ strbuf.slopbuf: char[1]  }}

strbuf: {
  alloc: size_t
  len: size_t
  buf: .char

  init(hint: size_t):void
  {
    alloc = 0, len = 0
    buf = slopbuf
    if (hint)
      grow(hint)
  }

  release():void
  {
    if (alloc) {
      free(buf)
      init(0)
    }
  }

  detach(sz: .size_t):.char
  {
    res: .char(NULL)
    if (alloc) { res = buf } 

    if (sz)
      sz. = len
    init( 0)
    return res
  }

  attach(buffer: .void , length: size_t, allocated: size_t):void
  {
    release()
    buf   = buffer
    len   = length
    alloc = allocated
    grow(sb, 0)
    buf[len] = 0x0
  }

  grow(extra: size_t ):void
  {
    if (len + extra + 1 <= len)
      die("you want to use way too much memory")
    if (!alloc)
      buf = NULL
    ALLOC_GROW(buf, len + extra + 1, alloc)
  }

  trim():void
  {
    b: .char,  b = buf
    while (len > 0 && isspace(uchar(buf[len - 1])))
      len--
    while (len > 0 && isspace(b.)) {
      b++
      len--
    }
    memmove(buf, b, len);
    buf[len] = 0x0
  }
}
</code>
}}}
!Things to note:
*Variable declarations are clean, stand out, and are easily highlighted by a simple syntax highlighter. 
*Similarly, function names are a little easier for the eye to pick up (and are less repetitive). 
*Defining functions as member functions creates much cleaner code. A similar affect would be seen in C++ or D

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config.commands.closeOthers.text= "X";
config.commands.editTiddler.text = "!";
config.macros.toolbar.moreLabel = ">";
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	close: {text: " ", tooltip: "Close the backstage area"},
	prompt: "backstage: ",
	decal: {
		edit: {text: "edit", tooltip: "Edit the tiddler '%0'"}
	}
};

}}}

<<closeAll>><<newTiddler>><<slider chkSliderOptionsPanel OptionsPanel "options »" "Change TiddlyWiki advanced options">>

The whole point of having types is so that you can create new collections of data and ways of operating on that data.

This is a brief introduction to user defined operators in Cystem. User defined operators are what makes Cystem most different than other languages. The goal of user defined operators is to provide programmers with a grammar that is more expressive, allowing types and expressions to be developed together into a concise but clear language for expressing solutions specific to that type.
!Syntax
At this point we will not discuss Cystem syntax in much detail, except for the syntax of function calls and expressions. The examples should be easy enough to figure out but here's a couple hints: 
C is the main language of comparison, as such we borrow many of it's conventions. 
<code cys:nogutter:nocontrols>
_ identifier declarations are denoted with ':'
myvar: int    
_ multiple statements are separated by ','
a: double, b: int 
_ numeric constants follow C
c: 23, d: 4.5, e: 0x4F5

_ int and double are the same as their C counterparts.
_ new line = new statement/expression
</code>
!The power of user defined operators
One of Cystems core capabilities is allowing the programmer to create operators for new types as needed. A regex of valid operators in ASCII is: {{{[-`~!@#$%^&*<>|+?=/\\]+}}} Some possible user types are illustrated below.
<code cys:nogutter:nocontrols>
_* Matrix computations *_

(x,b,c): Vector(4)
(A,B): Matrix(4)
(m,n): Float

A = (1,3,2,4; 6,5,9,7; 1,2,1,1; 0,2,2,0)
b = (3.4,4.5,5.6,6.7)
x = A\b
B = x**b _ cross product
m = x*b _ dot product
n = |x|    _ 2-norm
c = x *! b _ element-wise product.
</code>

<code cys:nogutter:nocontrols>
_* Collections *_
A: Map( "cat",34; "dag",76; "egg",98 )
B: Map( "zed",89; "yak",55 )
C: Map()
D: MapSlice()
b: int

b = A[2] _ 98
b = A["dag"] _ 76
b = #A _ Num elements = 3
A += ("fog",78)  _ add one to the left
A =+ ("gab",88) _ and one to the right
A -= "cat"    _ remove one element 
C = A - "egg" _ remove another element 
b = $A _ Sum elements = 252
C = A & B _ union
D = @A   _ A slice of all of A
D = A[1..2] _ A slice of the first two elements
b = D-?      _ Move right-extent left one and return right element
b = ?-D     _ Move left extent right one and return right element.
</code>
!Functions
Each function definition in a program must have a unique signature. The signature of a function consists of its name, a list of parameter types, and a return type. If only some of these components match, then they are different functions. For instance, here are two different functions declared in Cystem syntax.
<code cys:nogutter:nocontrols>
myfunction(a: int, b: int):int { _* some code *_ }
myfunction(a: int, b: double):int { _* other code *_ }
</code>
Using them might look like:
<code cys:nogutter:nocontrols>
x: int, y: int
x = myfunction(1,2)
y = myfunction(2,2.0)
</code>

If we viewed this from a traditional perspective, we might say that the "myfunction" identifier was overloaded. Of note is that there is no automatic type conversion. The appropriate signature is called instead.

We call functions of this type "identifier prefix" functions.
!Operators
In cystem, operators are defined rather than overloaded. The signature for an operator function is the same as for an identifier prefix function.
<code cys:nogutter:nocontrols>
+(a: int, b: int):int   _ add two integers
+(a: int, b: double):int _ add a double to an int
</code>
Using them might look like:
<code cys:nogutter:nocontrols>
x: int
y: int
x = 1 + 2
y = 2 + 3.4
</code>
!!Valid operators
An operator can be any sequence of operator characters. So the following could be an operator:
<code cys:nogutter:nocontrols>
+!(a: int, b: int):int  _ do something much more exciting than add two ints
</code>
<code cys:nogutter:nocontrols>
x: int
x = 2 +! 3 _ exciting addition of  2 and 3
</code>
!!Operator function types
Operators can be used as infix functions, prefix functions, postfix function, or outfix (bracketing) functions.
<code cys:nogutter:nocontrols>
a + b _ simple infix operator:  +(a,b)
-c _ simple prefix operator  -.(c)
d! _ simple postfix operator .!(d)
|e| _ simple outfix operator |.|(e)
</code>
As indicated in the comments, specifying what *fix a function is, is done using the dot symbol, which is not available as an operator symbol by itself. 
<code cys:nogutter:nocontrols>
+(a:int,b:int):int 
-.(c:int):int
.!(d:int):int
|.|(e:int):int
</code>
!!Precedence
To work out which order to call operator functions in, each function has a 32 bit precedence. Functions are called in order of their precedence, highest first. Parenthesis are used to create a sub expression, which will be evaluated in full before being applied to any operators outside the parenthesis. Parenthesis can be nested. Also operators of the same precedence are evaluated in order from left to right by default but may be declared to be right-to-left. 
<code cys:nogutter:nocontrols>
+(a:int,b:int):int [Prec:0x7F00,Dir:"R2L"] 
{ 
  _* code *_
}
*(a:int,b:int):int [Prec:0x8F00,Dir:"R2L"]
 {   _* code *_ }
</code>

!Expressions
In cystem, an expression contains at least one operand and possibly one or more operators. 
Rules:
#Adjacent operands or adjacent operators must be separated by a space.
#Adjacent operands are tested against the space operator _(params)

 A valid expression is one for which function declarations exist.

<!--{{{-->

<div class='toolbar' > </span> <span macro='toolbar [[ToolbarCommands::ViewToolbar]]'></span><span macro='dropTags "tags"+config.macros.dropTags.dropdownchar}}'> </div>
<div class='title' macro='view title'></div>
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/***
!Code
***/
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if (readOnly) setStylesheet("#sidebar { display:none !important; } #displayArea { margin-right:1em !important; }","webSideStory");
//}}}

!Operator Functions
Here's a simple, incomplete type with operator functions defined. 
<code cys:nogutter:nocontrols>
_ Single line comments start with "_ " (underscore + space) and

_ Global code is delimited by {{...}} and is executed in sequence.
{{                        
  pi: 3.1415962
}}
Point: {                   _ type definition
  x: double, y: double
  Point.(_x:double,_y:double)
  {
    ret: Point(), ret.x = _x, ret.y = _y 
  }
  +(a:Point,b:Point):Point      _ infix function def
    {
      ret: Point()
      ret.x = a.x + b.x
      ret.y = a.y + b.y
      return ret
    }
  |.|(a: Point):double                     _ outfix function def
     { return sqrt(a.x^2+a.y^2) }
  =(a: Point.,b: Point):Point  _ var. indicates a reference parameter
    { a.x = b.x, a.y = b.y, return a}        
  =(a: Point., b:(x:double,y:double)):Point    _ A = (x,y)
    { a.x = b.x, a.y = b.y, return a}
}
{{  
  (A,B): Point()
  M: double
  
  A = (1,2), B = (3,4)
  
  M = |A + B|         _ sum two points and calc the magnitude
}}
</code>